The Mughal Empire, which ruled vast regions of South Asia from the early 16th to the 18th century, is one of history's largest empires. The Mughals were a dynasty of Turko-Mongol origin that combined Persian, Indian, and Islamic influences into a rich and enduring legacy of art, architecture, and culture. Their reign began with Babur, a descendant of Timur and Genghis Khan, who established the empire after his conquest of Delhi in 1526. For the next three centuries, the Mughal Empire rose to become a pinnacle of power, prosperity, and cultural flourishing.
Each emperor contributed in their own special way to the empire's political, social, and cultural areas. Some expanded their boundaries and authority, while others faced challenges that gradually led to the empire's decline. From Akbar's policy of religious tolerance to Aurangzeb's zeal under whose reign the empire reached its maximum extent, the Mughal rulers influenced the subcontinent's history in impactful ways. However, by the time of the last Mughal ruler, Bahadur Shah II, the once-mighty empire had been reduced to a shadow of its former self under British colonial rule.
Here is a list of all the Mughal emperors who reigned the empire in chronological order
Babur (1526–1530)Babur, the founder of the Mughal Empire, was a descendant of Timur and Genghis Khan. He established the empire by defeating Ibrahim Lodi at the First Battle of Panipat in 1526. Known for his military brilliance, Babur laid the foundation for one of India's most iconic dynasties, combining Turko-Mongol and Persian influences.
Humayun (1530–1540 and 1555–1556) Babur’s son, Humayun, faced some major challenges during his reign, including losing the empire to Sher Shah Suri. However, he regained his throne in 1555 with Persian support. Humayun’s contributions to Mughal architecture began to take shape during his reign and it was during his reign that marked the start of the dynasty's cultural geniuses that still exist today and are a major part of the Indian heritage sites.
Akbar (1556–1605) Akbar, known as "Akbar the Great," is popularly known for bringing new reforms into his administration and policy of religious tolerance, one among which was the removal of the Jaziya tax. His efforts to integrate Hindus and Muslims into the empire made him a unifying and liberal figure among the common masses. Under Akbar, the Mughal Empire expanded significantly and reached new heights of prosperity.
Jahangir (1605–1627)Jehangir, Akbar's son is remembered for carrying forward his fondness for art, architecture, and literature. Known for his love of nature, he boosted Mughal painting and garden designs. His reign witnessed stable governance, though it was also marked by rebellions like that of his son, Khusrau. His reign faced challenges, including the loss of Kandahar to Persia in 1622. Renowned painters in Jahangir's court included Abdul Hassan, Ustad Mansur, and Bishandas. It was Jehangir whose diplomatic relations with the British East India Company laid foundations for future trade.
Shah Jahan (1628–1658)Shah Jahan is one of the most popular rulers of the Mughal Dynasty who is particularly known for his architectural masterpieces, including the Taj Mahal which is one of the 7 wonders of the world. He built it in memory of his wife Mumtaz Mahal. His reign marked the peak of Mughal cultural and artistic achievements, with amazing progress in art, literature, and urban design. Despite this golden era of creativity, his rule faced challenges, including rebellion from his son Aurangzeb, which ultimately led to his imprisonment and abdication.
Aurangzeb (1658–1707) Aurangzeb was an expansionist who extended the Mughal Empire to its greatest territorial extent. A strict follower of Islamic law, his policies marked a departure from Akbar's inclusivity, causing social divisions. His reign was characterised by constant military campaigns, depleting the empire’s resources. Despite being an able administrator, his harsh policies and overextension led to the empire’s decline after his death, making his rule a turning point in Mughal history.
Bahadur Shah I (1707–1712) After Aurangzeb's death, Bahadur Shah I struggled to maintain control over the empire. His short reign was marked by growing disunity and the increasing power of regional governors, showing signs of the weakening of centralised Mughal authority.
Farrukhsiyar (1713–1719)Farrukhsiyar's reign is best remembered for granting trading rights to the British East India Company, making the way for their increased influence. However, his weak leadership and dependence on court factions weakened the empire further.
Muhammad Shah (1719–1748) Known as "Muhammad Shah Rangeela," he is often remembered for his cultural patronage rather than his military or political achievements. His reign witnessed the disastrous invasion of Delhi by Nadir Shah in 1739, which greatly diminished the empire’s power.
Bahadur Shah II (1837–1857)The last Mughal emperor, Bahadur Shah II (or Bahadur Shah Zafar) is considered the last true Mughal and is said to have been declared the symbolic emperor of India by the soldiers who participated in 1857 rebellion. After the rebellion was suppressed, he was exiled to Rangoon by the British, leading to the formal end of the Mughal Empire. He is known in history for his beautiful poetry.
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