6 stages of chronic kidney disease and how it spreads

Chronic Kidney disease, also known as CKD , is a serious health condition that affects the proper functioning of the kidneys. CKD is the result of various kidney ailments which over a period of time become irreversible and progressive in nature. It progresses through different stages, with each stage exhibiting specific symptoms. Recognizing these symptoms is crucial for early detection and appropriate management of kidney disease. We will outline the symptoms experienced in various stages of kidney disease.

Dr. Saurabh Pokhariyal, Head Of Department And Consultant – Nephrology, HCMCT Manipal Hospital, Dwarka says, “In the early stages, kidney disease may be asymptomatic, with few or no noticeable signs. However, some individuals may experience subtle symptoms such as fatigue, increased urination (especially at night), and mild swelling in the extremities. These symptoms are often nonspecific and can be easily attributed to other causes.”

As kidney function declines further, symptoms become more evident. Fatigue and increased urination persist, and individuals may notice changes in the color and frequency of urine. Mild swelling, particularly in the legs and ankles, may worsen. Additionally, there may be occasional pain or discomfort in the lower back.

According to Dr. Pokhriyal, “At this stage, symptoms become more pronounced. Fatigue intensifies, and individuals may experience persistent itching due to the accumulation of waste products in the blood. High blood pressure can develop or worsen, leading to headaches. Edema (swelling) becomes more noticeable in the face, hands, and feet. Urine output may decrease, and it may appear foamy or contain blood.”

As kidney function declines significantly, symptoms become severe and life-threatening. Fatigue and weakness may be overwhelming, and the individual may experience difficulty concentrating and memory problems. Anemia can develop, causing shortness of breath and pale skin. Edema spreads throughout the body, including the abdomen. Blood pressure may rise further, leading to chest pain ,irregular heart rhythms and breathlessness.

“In this advanced stage, the kidneys are no longer able to perform their vital functions. Symptoms may include severe fatigue, persistent nausea and vomiting, loss of appetite, muscle cramps, and easy bruising. Fluid overload can cause severe swelling and shortness of breath. The accumulation of waste products in the blood may result in confusion and even coma,” says Dr. Pokhriyal.