Faecal bacteria in Ganga at Prayagraj: Here's how it can impact human health

The Ganga River holds immense religious importance, attracting millions of devotees who take a holy dip in its waters, especially in the ongoing Maha Kumbh Mela. Recent reports from the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) have raised alarming concerns about the presence of faecal coliform bacteria in the river at Prayagraj. This bacterial contamination, primarily caused by sewage discharge, poses serious health risks. Here’s all you need to know about how faecal coliform affects water quality and the dangers it presents to human health.

What is faecal coliform, and why is it dangerous?

A class of microorganisms called faecal coliform bacteria is present in both human and animal intestines. Their presence in water is a sign that it has been contaminated by animal or sewage waste. Even though not all coliform bacteria are toxic, their presence increases the possibility that the water contains other harmful pathogens such as viruses, Salmonella, and E. coli. Exposure to these pathogens can lead to severe illnesses.

How dangerous is the contamination in Ganga at Prayagraj

The CPCB claims that 2,500 units of faecal coliform per 100 millilitres of bathing water is the maximum amount that can be present. Levels above the limit were found in test reports from different Prayagraj areas during the Maha Kumbh Mela, suggesting serious pollution. The risk of spreading waterborne illnesses rises dramatically when millions of people go swimming. The condition gets worse by untreated sewage from neighbouring regions, making the water unfit for direct human contact.

On this matter Uttar Pradesh Chief Minister Yogi Adityanath has dismissed concerns, stating that continuous monitoring and purification processes ensure its quality. He said, "Questions are being raised about the quality of the water (at Triveni) ... All the pipes and the drains in and around Sangam have been taped, and the water is being released only after purification."

Health risks of faecal bacteria exposure

Bathing in water contaminated with faecal coliform can cause various health issues, including:

1. Gastrointestinal infections: Symptoms include diarrhoea, vomiting, and stomach cramps, which might be caused by pathogens like E. coli and Salmonella.
2. Skin and eye infections: Contact with polluted water can lead to rashes, eye irritation, and fungal infections.
3. Typhoid and hepatitis A: These serious infections can spread through ingestion of contaminated water, leading to long-term health complications.
4. Respiratory issues: Inhaling water droplets containing bacteria can cause lung infections, especially in people with weak immune systems.

How does this affect pilgrims and local communities?

The immediate risk to devotees who take a ritual dip is inhaling or swallowing polluted water. Many devotees may be unaware of the potential health dangers. Long-term exposure to hazardous bacteria is also a concern for neighbours that rely on the river for daily activities such as cooking and drinking. Individuals with low immune systems, the elderly, and children are especially vulnerable.

Measures that the authorities are taking

• Authorities urge the akharas to follow designated timings and vacate ghats promptly for cleaning.
• Devotees are requested not to throw shoes and clothes into the river.
• Organisers are distributing cloth bags and steel utensils to reduce plastic waste.

Read more here: Measures to keep Ganga "Dip Safe"