LPG Crisis in India Live Updates: CCPA warns hotels and restaurants against adding LPG and fuel charges to bills
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THE TIMES OF INDIA | Mar 25, 2026, 19:06:15 IST
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LPG Crisis in India Live Updates: CCPA warns hotels and restaurants against adding LPG and fuel charges to bills

India is navigating a challenging phase in its LPG supply chain as geopolitical tensions in West Asia disrupt global energy flows, particularly through the Strait of Hormuz. The recent passage of two India-flagged LPG tankers carrying over 92,000 tonnes of cooking gas offers temporary relief, but uncertainties persist due to ongoing risks in the region. The government is closely monitoring vessel movements and prioritising the safe transit of remaining ships and Indian crew members.

To address the tight supply situation, oil marketing companies have explored measures such as reducing the quantity of LPG supplied in domestic cylinders. While no final decision has been taken, proposals to provide 10 kg instead of the standard 14.2 kg are under consideration. However, with signs of easing tensions and a possible ceasefire, the Centre has asked companies to go slow on implementing such rationing steps.

The impact of the LPG shortage is being felt across multiple sectors. Restaurants and caterers in cities like Pune are grappling with rising costs, overcharging, and supply inconsistencies, with some passing the burden onto customers through additional charges. In Hyderabad, eateries report losses of up to 45% due to high cylinder prices and disrupted supply.

Overall, the situation underscores India’s vulnerability to global energy disruptions and highlights the need for efficient supply management, diversification of energy sources, and stronger safeguards to protect both consumers and businesses from volatility. Stay with TOI for more updates:
19:06 (IST) Mar 25
LPG crisis in India: All-party meet on West Asia crisis under way
19:03 (IST) Mar 25
LPG Crisis in India: CCPA warns hotels and restaurants against adding LPG and fuel charges to bills
Central Consumer Protection Authority (CCPA) has warned hotels and restaurants of action against levying additional charges such as “LPG charges”, “gas surcharge” and “fuel cost recovery” in consumer bills.
18:42 (IST) Mar 25
LPG gas crisis in India: IOCL chariman assures of no shortage of petrol, diesel
"We would like to assure all citizens that there is no shortage of petrol or diesel. IndianOil outlets nationwide are well-stocked and functioning normally. Unverified rumours can lead to unnecessary panic and supply disruptions. Please avoid panic buying and trust only official sources. Let us act responsibly and support seamless fuel availability for all," the chairman said.
17:54 (IST) Mar 25
LPG Gas Crisis in India: Kerosene made available as alternative fuel, govt says
The government has said that kerosene was made available as an alternative fuel. “Regarding kerosene, the Government of India has made additional allocations as an alternate fuel option to all state governments, and allocation orders have been issued in approximately 16 states and union territories,” it said.
15:59 (IST) Mar 25
LPG gas crisis in India: 2.5 lakh new PNG connections, 2.20 lakh consumers shifted
"In the last 25 days, 2.5 lakh new connections (PNG) have been given. Additionally, approximately 2.20 lakh consumers have shifted from LPG to PNG. Additionally, 2.5 lakh new applications or registrations have been received," Sujata Sharma, Joint Secretary (Marketing & Oil Refinery), Ministry of Petroleum & Natural Gas, said on Wednesday.
15:44 (IST) Mar 25
LPG gas crisis in India: 'Govt has increased quantity of commercial LPG from 20 per cent to 50 per cent'
"As I mentioned earlier, on the 21st, the Government of India increased the quantity of commercial LPG from 20 per cent to 50 per cent. Along with this, the Government requested all state governments to give priority to dhabas, hotels, industrial canteens, community kitchens, and subsidised canteens run by state governments or local bodies. In addition, migrant laborers should also be given priority in the distribution of 5 kg cylinders. As a result of these measures, around 26 states have so far allocated about 22,000 tonnes of commercial LPG. This allocation covers the entire country, including both the quantities allocated by state governments and those supplied by oil marketing companies. Due to these combined efforts, approximately 30,000 5 kg cylinders were distributed yesterday," said Joint Secretary, Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas, Sujata Sharma.
15:32 (IST) Mar 25
LPG gas crisis in India: 'Govt is focusing on PNG expansion'
"Domestic PNG (Piped Natural Gas) connections are among the top priorities of the Government of India, and 100 per cent PNG supply is being ensured there. In the same way, the quantity of CNG used for transportation is also being made available 100 per cent to consumers. I would like to reiterate that the Government of India is focusing on PNG expansion, and in this regard, several steps have been taken. Many companies have announced incentives such as free gas up to Rs 500 or waivers on security deposits. State governments have also been written to, and they have been asked to provide an additional 10 per cent commercial LPG," said Joint Secretary, Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas, Sujata Sharma.
15:24 (IST) Mar 25
LPG gas crisis in India: 'We have an annual refining capacity of approximately 26 crore tonnes of crude oil'
"We have sufficient inventory of crude oil available, meaning there is an adequate quantity in stock. Our refineries are also operating at optimum capacity. I would like to inform the citizens of the country that we have an annual refining capacity of approximately 26 crore tonnes of crude oil. I am saying this because over the past two days, we have seen queues outside retail outlets and petrol pumps in several areas, and panic buying has also been observed. I want to assure the citizens that there is no shortage at any petrol pump. There is also sufficient availability at the terminals that supply fuel to petrol pumps. Therefore, do not believe in rumors and avoid panic buying. I would also like to say that there has been no increase in the prices of petrol and diesel," said Joint Secretary, Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas, Sujata Sharma.
15:19 (IST) Mar 25

We have adequate stocks of petrol and diesel. There has been no increase in prices of petrol, diesel. No need to panic.

Sujata Sharma, Joint Secretary, Ministry of Petroleum & Natural Gases

22:50 (IST) Mar 24
LPG gas crisis in India: Centre rolls out new PNG rules to ease shift from LPG
The government on Tuesday unveiled a new framework to strengthen consumer-focused gas service delivery while ensuring the shift to piped natural gas (PNG) does not place an excessive financial burden on users.

According to the oil ministry, the measures mandate time-bound PNG connections in areas where pipeline infrastructure already exists, aimed at improving service standards and supporting a gradual transition away from LPG.

The policy also allows flexibility in areas where connectivity is technically difficult, while introducing a transparent dispute resolution mechanism and safeguards against arbitrary denial of access for laying pipelines.

The Centre said the move is expected to improve energy security, expand gas distribution networks, reduce dependence on a single fuel source, and speed up cleaner energy adoption across households, transport and industry.
20:28 (IST) Mar 24
LPG crisis in India: Gujarat raises commercial LPG quota for semi-essential sectors amid shortage
The Gujarat government has said there is adequate stock of petrol and diesel in the state and announced steps to improve commercial LPG availability, especially in areas where PNG networks are unavailable.

Additional chief secretary Mona Khandhar said the state has raised the commercial LPG quota for semi-essential sectors to 25 per cent from 10 per cent, while the 75 per cent allocation for priority sectors will continue unchanged.

The enhanced quota will benefit sectors such as industrial canteens, fisheries, agro-processing units, and religious or social organisations serving food.

The state also said it is making 10 per cent of commercial LPG available to MSMEs in every district and plans to provide over 1,200 new commercial PNG connections and more than 3.5 lakh new domestic connections in Ahmedabad over the next two weeks.
18:59 (IST) Mar 24
LPG shortage in India: March LPG imports may nearly halve amid Iran war, Hormuz blockade
India’s LPG imports are likely to nearly halve this month as the Iran war and the blockage of the Strait of Hormuz disrupt supplies, according to traders and ship-tracking data cited by Reuters.

India, the world’s second-largest LPG importer, is expected to bring in around 1.19 million metric tonnes of LPG in March, down 46 per cent from February on a daily basis.

Reuters reported that the Middle East’s share in India’s seaborne LPG supplies has dropped to around 55 per cent this month, from roughly 90 per cent before the conflict, with the US, Russia and Argentina making up a bigger share.

The report added that India is now trying to source more LPG from countries including the US, Norway, Canada and Russia, while the government has said domestic refineries have raised LPG output by around 40 per cent since early March.
16:57 (IST) Mar 24
LPG gas crisis in India: Aluminium industry seeks urgent relief as fuel shortage hits production
The Aluminium Extrusion Manufacturers Association of India (ALEMA) has sought urgent government relief as severe LPG and PNG shortages linked to the West Asia crisis begin to hit production across the sector.

In a letter to the government, the industry body said many aluminium extrusion units have either shut down or cut output by 30-70 per cent due to acute fuel shortages and supply prioritisation.

ALEMA, which represents nearly 250 of India’s 450 aluminium extrusion companies, most of them MSMEs, has asked for Covid-era support measures such as interest rate cuts, loan moratoriums, deferred interest payments, low-cost working capital support, and relaxed CIBIL norms.
16:41 (IST) Mar 24
Visuals of Jag Vasant LPG Carrier, which crossed the Strait of Hormuz
16:34 (IST) Mar 24
LPG gas crisis in India: 2 LPG ships safely cross Hormuz, 540 Indian sailors remain in Gulf
The government on Saturday said all Indian ships and sailors in the Gulf region are safe, with no maritime incidents reported in the last 24 hours.

Rajesh Sinha, special secretary in the ministry of shipping, said two Indian-flagged LPG carriers — Pine Gas and Jag Vasant — safely crossed the Strait of Hormuz late on Friday.

Pine Gas, carrying 45,000 metric tonnes of LPG, is expected to reach New Mangalore Port on the morning of March 27, while Jag Vasant, carrying around 47,600 metric tonnes, is headed to Kandla and is due on March 26.

With their departure, 20 Indian-flagged ships carrying 540 Indian sailors remain in the Persian Gulf, while officials also said no congestion has been reported at any Indian port.
16:27 (IST) Mar 24
LPG crisis in India: 'We have sufficient petrol and diesel available at our fuel stations', says government
16:25 (IST) Mar 24
LPG crisis in India: Govt says no LPG distributor has run dry, domestic deliveries remain normal
The government on Saturday said the supply of LPG has been affected by the prevailing geopolitical situation, but stressed that no LPG distributorship has run dry and that domestic deliveries remain normal.

Sujata Sharma, joint secretary (marketing & oil refinery) in the ministry of petroleum and natural gas, said a large number of cargoes are lined up and that while panic booking was seen on Friday, actual delivery remained normal.

She said sufficient stocks are available, petrol and diesel supplies are adequate, LPG cylinders are being supplied to all domestic consumers, and PNG supply for domestic users remains at 100 per cent.
16:24 (IST) Mar 24
LPG shortage in India: Government says fuel pumps running normally, urges public not to panic buy
The government on Saturday said operations at all retail fuel outlets are normal and assured the public that there is adequate petrol and diesel available at fuel stations.

Sujata Sharma, joint secretary (marketing & oil refinery) in the ministry of petroleum and natural gas, urged people not to believe rumours or resort to panic buying.

She also said the PNGRB has directed all City Gas Distribution (CGD) entities to provide PNG connections within five days, wherever nearby pipeline infrastructure exists, to residential schools, colleges, hostels, community kitchens and Anganwadi kitchens, as part of efforts to ease pressure on LPG demand.
16:22 (IST) Mar 24
LPG gas crisis in India: Government says refineries at full capacity, domestic PNG supply remains normal
The government on Saturday said all refineries across the country are operating at full capacity and stressed that there is sufficient stock of petrol and diesel despite ongoing concerns over energy supplies.

In another key reassurance, officials said domestic PNG consumers are receiving 100 per cent supply, indicating that household piped gas services remain unaffected for now.
16:19 (IST) Mar 24
LPG crisis in India: Government says 2 LPG vessels crossed Hormuz, Jag Vasant due March 26
The government on Saturday said two LPG carriers have successfully crossed the Strait of Hormuz, offering some relief amid the ongoing supply crunch.

Officials said Jag Vasant is expected to reach India by March 26, while Pine Gas is likely to arrive by March 27.
16:18 (IST) Mar 24
LPG shortage in India: Government says all Indian vessels in Gulf region are safe
The government on Saturday said all Indian vessels operating in the Gulf region are safe, seeking to reassure the public amid concerns over energy shipments during the ongoing LPG supply crisis.

During its latest press briefing, officials said there had been no reported incidents involving Indian ships in the region despite heightened tensions around key shipping routes.

The update comes as India closely monitors the movement of fuel cargoes through the Gulf and the Strait of Hormuz, a crucial route for the country’s LPG imports.
16:06 (IST) Mar 24
LPG crisis in India: Two Indian LPG carriers cross Strait of Hormuz, set to reach India by March 28
Two Indian LPG carriers — Jag Vasant and Pine Gas — carrying a combined 92,612.59 metric tonnes of LPG have successfully transited through the Strait of Hormuz, offering some relief amid supply concerns.

Officials said the two vessels have 33 and 27 Indian seafarers onboard, respectively. Both ships are headed to India and are expected to reach Indian ports between March 26 and March 28.

The movement of the vessels is being closely watched as the country manages the ongoing LPG shortage.
14:26 (IST) Mar 24
LPG crisis in India: LPG shortage hits Hyderabad restaurants

Amid an ongoing LPG shortage, eateries across the city are under mounting financial stress, with many reporting losses of 40–45%. Restaurant owners say the sharp rise in commercial LPG cylinder prices, which continue to range between Rs 4,000 and Rs 7,000, has severely disrupted daily operations."We are left with no choice but to switch to firewood due to the LPG shortage, but this is not a viable long-term solution.We are also using induction stoves, but all of this combined has increased input costs nearly threefold," said N Bharan, who runs a chain of restaurants.

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13:50 (IST) Mar 24
No shortage of fuel or LPG in Hyderabad: Police commissioner V C Sajjanar
Hyderabad police commissioner V C Sajjanar on Tuesday said there is no shortage of fuel or LPG cylinders in the city. Sajjanar in a post on 'X' said adequate stocks are available and supply is running smoothly across the city. "Citizens are requested not to panic or rush to fuel stations, as such actions may lead to unnecessary congestion and disruption," he said. Police further urged everyone to remain calm, avoid spreading or believing in rumours, and cooperate with authorities to ensure normalcy is maintained
12:55 (IST) Mar 24
LPG crisis in India: TN CM MK Stalin slams PM Modi for 'LPG unpreparedness'
Tamil Nadu chief minister MK Stalin on Tuesday criticised Prime Minister Narendra Modi over what he described as a lack of preparedness to handle the LPG situation, asserting that “preparedness cannot be outsourced to the people.” Stalin also took aim at the Prime Minister’s remarks urging the country to be ready to face the impact of the West Asia conflict, saying such preparedness cannot be compared to the response during the coronavirus pandemic. The DMK chief shot back and asked, "Prepared for what — leadership, or its absence?" Stalin, also the DMK President, asked PM Modi. "Who should be prepared? Is it the union government or the people?" Stalin asked.
12:13 (IST) Mar 24
‘Swalpa adjust maadkoli’: Karntaka minister urges hotels to cope with 10% LPG supply
The ongoing LPG crisis rocked the Legislative Council Monday, with MLCs across party lines pressing the state govt to prioritise LPG supply to hotels and restaurants, especially in cities such as Bengaluru, where a large number of working people depend on eateries. However, minister for food and civil supplies KH Muniyappa, while acknowledging the severity of the situation, appealed to the hospitality sector to "adjust" for another week, expressing confidence that conditions would improve in the coming days. After holding talks with major oil companies, Muniyappa informed the Council that the hospitality sector—including hotels, restaurants, dhabas, canteens and paying guest facilities—would be supplied with 10,000 commercial LPG cylinders daily.
11:31 (IST) Mar 24
LPG Crisis in India: BRS protests gas shortage in Telangana, seeks immediate govt intervention
BRS leaders, led by working president K T Rama Rao, staged a protest demanding immediate intervention from both the state and Central governments to address the gas shortage in Telangana. The party also moved adjournment motions in the Legislative Assembly and Legislative Council, seeking an urgent discussion and calling for swift action to ensure timely gas supply.

10:38 (IST) Mar 24
LPG shortage in India: Congress demands PM’s statement on LPG crisis
The Congress has called on Prime Minister Narendra Modi to inform citizens about the steps being taken to tackle the LPG shortage and rising inflation in the country. Congress MP Priyanka Gandhi Vadra said Prime Minister Modi should have spoken earlier. “We don’t have any expectations. I want to hear what he has to say. There are many issues. The fallout of the war on our country is huge. LPG and many other issues. He should have spoken much earlier,” she told reporters in the Parliament House complex.
09:54 (IST) Mar 24
LPG shortage in India: Quota for different categories now in Madhya Pradesh
In view of shortage of commercial LPG cylinders in the wake of the West Asia war, the food and civil supplies department on Monday issued a circular to all the district collectors allocating quota of commercial gas cylinders for different categories of consumers. Thirty percent of the allocated quota of commercial LPG cylinders in a district will be for educational institutions and hospitals and they will be given 100 percent of their requirement. Essential services/central armed forces/security forces/police/jail/ and institutions run by social justice department and women & child development department where elderly persons/ women/ children are living, airport, railways and Deendayal Rasoi will get 35 percent of the allocation. Hotels/restaurants/caterers, dhaba/ street food vendors will get 9 percent. Industries (pharma/food processing/poultry food/seed processing) will have 5 percent quota, the circular said.


08:58 (IST) Mar 24
LPG crisis in India: No free LPG cylinders for construction workers, clarifies Maharashtra labour minister

State labour minister Akash Fundkar on Monday said that the labour department has not issued any circular on providing free LPG cylinders to construction workers, dubbing the post circulating on social and electronic media as "false."Speaking to TOI, Fundkar said the misinformation had caused confusion among workers across the state. "The circular claiming free LPG cylinders to them is completely incorrect.No such directive has been issued by the labour department," he said, while stressing that the department is committed to ensuring the welfare of workers through proper coordination with developer bodies.

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08:25 (IST) Mar 24
LPG gas crisis in India: PNG cut, MP units warn of production curbs

Amid the ongoing West Asia crisis disrupting global LNG supplies, industrial units across Madhya Pradesh are facing a fresh energy squeeze, with piped natural gas (PNG) supply capped at 65 percent of average consumption, down from 80 percent. Industry bodies say the move is already forcing production cuts and sharply raising fuel costs. Manufacturers said the reduction in gas allocation has directly impacted production capacities, particularly in sectors such as pharmaceuticals, food processing, plastics, packaging, engineering and chemicals that depend heavily on PNG for boilers, heating and continuous manufacturing processes.

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07:45 (IST) Mar 24
Bengaluru’s bajji-bonda shops in hot water as LPG shortage and black market boils over

Hit by a prolonged shortage of commercial LPG cylinders and soaring black-market prices, hundreds of bakeries and condiment shops are now struggling to stay afloat.While larger hotels have managed to navigate the LPG crunch using limited stock or alternative fuels such as firewood, it is the humble bajji, bonda, and samosa stalls that are bearing the brunt."These stalls run on thin margins. Without gas, we simply cannot function," said a shop owner in Rajarajeshwari Nagar.

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07:00 (IST) Mar 24
LPG shortage in India: Akhilesh Yadav slams BJP govt over farm distress, LPG crisis

Samajwadi Party (SP) president Akhilesh Yadav on Monday launched a sharp attack on BJP govt, alleging that farmers in Uttar Pradesh have been pushed into distress, while rising prices and administrative failures have worsened public hardship.Speaking to the media after paying floral tributes to social thinker Ram Manohar Lohia at Lohia Park in Gomti Nagar on his birth anniversary, Akhilesh said potato farmers have suffered heavy losses due to extremely low market prices.

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06:59 (IST) Mar 24
LPG gas crisis in India: After ‘ceasefire’ whiff, LPG cos rethink switch
The Centre has asked state-run oil marketing companies (OMCs) to go slow on a proposed plan to supply reduced quantities of domestic LPG cylinders, following easing tensions in West Asia and reports of an apparent ceasefire that could stabilise global energy supplies.The ministry of petroleum and natural gas earlier directed Indian Oil Corporation (IOC), Bharat Petroleum (BPCL), and Hindustan Petroleum (HPCL) to explore the feasibility of supplying 10 kg LPG in standard 14.2 kg cylinders as a temporary rationing measure amid tightening supplies.Officials said the ministry even considered a 7 kg option before zeroing in on 10 kg.
06:59 (IST) Mar 24
India LPG cylinder shortage news live updates: LPG rationing talk grows as govt denies plan for smaller refills
With LPG availability remaining critical, oil marketing companies may resort to delivering underweight cylinders for more equitable distribution of cooking gas.While petroleum ministry officials dismissed reports suggesting OMCs may start selling 10 kg gas in 14.2 kg domestic LPG cylinders, calling them "highly speculative", refiners confirmed such a proposal was pending before govt."This is indeed being considered, but the decision has to be taken by the govt," said an official of a state-run OMC.Sujata Sharma, joint secretary in ministry of petroleum and gas, however, termed it a rumour. "There cannot be any comment or explanation to any speculation, please don't believe in rumours. This is highly speculative," she said.She said that bookings for refilling domestic cylinders had eased to nearly 50 lakh, while supply continued as normal. With refiners increasing LPG output, Sharma said 50-60% of demand was now being met through domestic production, up from 40% earlier.

06:56 (IST) Mar 24
LPG cylinder crisis in India: 2 Indian ships with LPG cross Strait

Two India-flagged LPG tankers - Jag Vasant and Pine Gas - carrying around 92,600 tonne of cooking gas crossed the Strait of Hormuz on Monday and are likely to reach ports by Saturday, the shipping ministry said. Their arrival would take the total imported LNG to over 2.9 lakh tonnes. Earlier, Rajesh Kumar Sinha, special secretary in the shipping ministry, said the two ships had started moving but did not disclose the destination. Ship tracking data showed both tankers sailed between Iran's Larak and Qeshm islands, possibly to signal identity to Iranian authorities before crossing. With this, four India-flagged vessels have sailed through the conflict-hit choke point since the Iran war began on Feb 28. Officials said the govt's focus is to ensure safe passage of 20 remaining India-flagged ships and Indian crews west of the strait.
06:56 (IST) Mar 24
LPG Shortage: Fuel shortage hits auto & cab drivers; union raises alarm
The Telangana gig and platform workers’ union (TGPWU) has raised concerns over alleged disruptions in the supply of compressed natural gas (CNG) and auto LPG, claiming that irregularities at filling stations are affecting drivers across multiple cities. In a statement, the union urged Telangana chief minister A Revanth Reddy and Union petroleum minister Hardeep Singh Puri to intervene immediately. Rumours of a sudden fuel shortfall have reportedly led to long queues, with several outlets running out of stock within hours. Union president Shaik Salauddin said auto-rickshaw drivers and app-based cab operators are among the worst affected, as many rely entirely on CNG for daily operations. Drivers are spending long hours waiting to refill vehicles, reducing their working time and income, which has placed financial strain on those dependent on daily earnings.

India’s energy supply situation remains under pressure amid disruptions caused by tensions in West Asia, particularly around the Strait of Hormuz, a key global shipping route. In a significant development, two India-flagged LPG tankers — Jag Vasant and Pine Gas — carrying approximately 92,600 tonnes of cooking gas successfully crossed the strait and are expected to reach Indian ports by Saturday. Their arrival is set to push the total imported LPG volume to over 2.9 lakh tonnes, offering some relief to the strained domestic supply.

The safe passage of these vessels is crucial, given the strategic importance of the strait and ongoing geopolitical risks. Since the onset of the Iran conflict on February 28, four India-flagged vessels have navigated through the region. The government is now focused on ensuring the safe transit of 20 more vessels and Indian crew members operating west of the strait. Shipping ministry officials highlighted that several oil and gas carriers have been chartered by major Indian companies such as Petronet LNG Ltd, Indian Oil Corporation (IOC), Bharat Petroleum (BPCL), Hindustan Petroleum (HPCL), and private firms like Reliance Industries and BGN International.

Despite these efforts, domestic LPG availability remains tight. Oil marketing companies (OMCs) are considering measures to ensure equitable distribution, including the possibility of supplying reduced quantities of LPG in domestic cylinders. While reports of 10 kg refills in standard 14.2 kg cylinders were termed “speculative” by petroleum ministry officials, industry sources confirmed that the proposal is under consideration. Earlier, even a 7 kg option was explored before discussions narrowed to a 10 kg supply model. However, with easing tensions in West Asia and reports of a potential ceasefire, the Centre has advised OMCs to proceed cautiously with such rationing measures.

The LPG shortage has had a cascading impact on businesses and consumers. In cities like Pune, restaurants and caterers have reported inflated cylinder prices, overcharging, and even the introduction of “gas surcharges” to offset rising costs. Similarly, eateries in Hyderabad are facing severe financial stress, with losses estimated at 40–45% due to high commercial LPG prices ranging between ?4,000 and ?7,000 per cylinder.

As the government balances supply management with economic stability, the evolving geopolitical scenario will continue to play a decisive role in shaping India’s energy security and domestic fuel availability.